Subject: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Place: Department of General and Experimental Pathology, room 371 

Division: FACULTY OF MEDICINE

YEAR: 3

CLASS no: 3

Pathophysiology of the respiratory system

Goal: to explain etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, and consequences
         of selected diseases of the respiratory system

Time: 4 hours

Didactic tools: multimedia presentation

Before the classes students should revise anatomy, histology,
and physiology of the respiratory system.

Topics:

1. Abnormal ventilation, abnormal diffusion, abnormal perfusion,
   mismatching of ventilation and perfusion.
2. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
3. Respiratory failure: types, pathogenesis.
4. Acute lung injury: Pulmonary edema, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
5. Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases:  
   Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis),
   Asthma, Bronchiectasis.
6. Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases:
   Fibrosing Diseases: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Pneumoconiosis.
   Granulomatous Diseases: Sarcoidosis.
7. Disorders of pulmonary circulation: Pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage and infarction,
   Pulmonary hypertension, Cor pulmonale.
8. Pathological breathing: Kussmaul breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing,
   Biot breathing, gasping.

References:

Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States - Tommie L Norris; Wolters Kluwer; 10^th Edition, International, (November 3, 2018), chapters: 29, 31.

Color Atlas of Pathophysiology - S. Silbernagl, F. Lang,  Thieme; 3rd Edition, 2016.

Diseases:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Pulmonary edema
Acute lung injury
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary embolism

Cor pulmonale

Problems:

Disordered control of breathing.

Mechanisms leading to gas exchange disturbances in the lungs.
Importance of the lung diffusive capacity index and factors contributing to its reduction.
Pathogenesis of hypoxemia.
Pathogenesis and consequences of ventilation to perfusion (V/Q) mismatch.
Clinical manifestations of hypoxemia.
Pathogenesis of hypercapnia.
Clinical manifestations of hypercapnia.
Compensatory mechanisms in hypoxemia and hypercapnia.

Pathogenesis of hypoxemic respiratory failure (type 1).
Pathogenesis of hypercapnic respiratory failure (type 2).
Clinical manfestations of hypoxia. 
Pathogenesis of central cyanosis.
Pathogenesis of peripheral cyanosis.
Pathogenesis of hypocapnia.
Clinical manifestations of hypocapnia.
Pathogenesis of restrictive pulmonary disorders.
Pathogenesis of obstructive pulmonary disorders.
Etiopathogenesis of chronic bronchitis.
Etiopathogenesis of emphysema.
Clinical manifestations of COPD.
Pathogenesis of dynamic pulmonary distension and its consequences for gas exchange.

Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
Pathogenesis of aspirin-induced asthma.
Pathogenesis of bronchial hyperactivity.
Ventilation disorders and spirometric indicators.
Etiopathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Etiopathogenesis of pulmonary edema.
Etiopathogenesis of ARDS.