Subject: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Place: Department of General and Experimental Pathology, room 371

Division: FACULTY OF MEDICINE

YEAR: 3

CLASS no: 5

Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system – part 2

Goal: to explain etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations and consequences of selected diseases of the cardiovascular system

Time: 4 hours

Didactic tools: multimedia presentation

Before the classes students should revise anatomy, histology and physiology of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac function: cardiovascular anatomy; cardiac cycle; coronary circulation; cardiac myocytes.
Molecular basis of contraction; cardiac energy metabolism; cardiac electrophysiology; determinants of cardiac output.

Endocrine function of the heart. Tests of cardiac function.

Problems discussed:

1. HEART FAILURE
   Classification, Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Heart Failure
   Acute Pulmonary Edema
2. CIRCULATORY FAILURE (SHOCK)
   Classification, Pathophysiology and Consequences of Shock
3. Cardiomyopathies - Classification and Pathophysiology
4. Myocarditis and Infective Endocarditis
5. VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acquired Mitral and Aortic Valve Disorders
6. Congenital Heart Defects: Acyanotic and Cyanotic Disorders; Atrial Septal Defect,
   Tetralogy of Fallot
    

References:

Porth's Pathophysiology:
Concepts of Altered Health States - Tommie L Norris; Wolters Kluwer;
10^th Edition, International, (November 3, 2018), chapter: 27.
Color Atlas of Pathophysiology - Stefan Silbernagl, Florian Lang,  Thieme; 3rd Edition, 2016.

Diseases:
Left ventricular heart failure.
Right heart failure.
Acute pericarditis.
Shock.
Cardiomyopathies.
Tetralogy of Fallot.

Problems:
HEART FAILURE
Clinical divisions of heart failure.
Causes of systolic/diastolic heart failure.
Pathogenesis of acute/chronic heart failure.
Compensatory mechanisms in the course of heart failure.
Consequences of activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the course of heart failure.
Renal compensatory mechanisms in the course of heart failure.
Specific/non-specific symptoms of heart failure.
Symptoms of left ventricular/right ventricular heart failure.
Pathomechanism of dyspnea in the course of heart failure.

SHOCK
Pathophysiology of shock.
Phases of shock.
Pathophysiological classification of shock.
Pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock.
Pathogenesis of hypovolemic (hemorrhagic) shock.
Pathogenesis of distributive shock.
Pathogenesis of obstructive shock.
Consequences of organ ischemia in the course of shock.

HEART VALVE DEFECTS
Pathogenesis of heart valve stenosis:
- aortic valve,
- mitral valve.
Pathogenesis of heart valve regurgitation:
- aortic valve,
- mitral valve.
Pericarditis.
Acute pericarditis.
Etiopathogenesis of chronic constrictive pericarditis.

CARDIOMOPATHY
Division of cardiomyopathy.
Etiopathogenesis and comparison of cardiomyopathies:
- dilation,
- hypertrophic,
- restrictive.